such as plastics, concrete, coating resins, wire insulation, elastomers, ceramics, 

 metals, and other nonligneous materials exposed to the natural biological population 

 of the sea and Its bottom sediments. 



2. Materials such as lead sheaths of submarine cables, concrete, rocks, and steel 

 pilings have been penetrated by marine animals at various depths; therefore, it is 

 highly possible that other engineering materials will also be susceptible to attack 

 if they were available as a source of food or shelter for these animals in the deep- 

 ocean environment. 



3. The marine microorganisms capable of inhabiting extreme sea environments can 

 be expected to be important agents of deterioration of materials in the ocean. The 

 sulfate-reducing bacteria which produce hydrogen sulfide under anaerobic conditions 

 have assumed particular significance as agents of deterioration of various engineering 

 materials. 



4. The inadequacy of the Information obtained from the literature survey to meet 

 the requirements of the Navy's accelerated Interest in deep-ocean developments 

 points up the need for more intensive investigations of the effects of marine organisms 

 on engineering materials in deep-ocean environments. 



REFERENCES 



1. Turner, Ruth D. "The Status of Systematic Work in the Teredinidae, " in 

 Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms, edited by Dixy Lee Ray. Friday Harbor 

 Symposium, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1959. 



2. Forsythe, W. E. Smithsonian Physical Tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous 

 Collections, 9th Ed., Vol. 120. Smithsonian Institution, New York, 1954. 



3. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. Ho Fleming. The Oceans. Their 

 Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1942. 



4. Nicol, J. A. C. The Biology of Marine Animals. Interstate Publishers, 

 New York, 1960. 



5. Menzies, R. J., and Ruth D. Turner. "The Distribution and Importance of 

 Marine Wood Borers in the United States." ASTM Special Technical Publication 

 No. 200. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, September 1956, 

 pp3-21. 



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