duration. The humpback whale, Megaptera novaeanqliae , the southern right 

 whale, Eubalaena glacial is austral is , the northern right whale, Eubalaena 

 glacial is glacial is , the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus , the gray whale, 

 Eschrichtius robustus , the fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus , and the minke 

 whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata , are known to produce these sounds, which 

 range in duration from 50 to 500 msec with major energy between 40 and 200 

 Hz. Group III contains chirps, cries and whistles at frequencies above 1.0 

 kHz. Chirps are generally pulses producing short (50 to 100 msec) discrete 

 tones which change frequency rapidly and are not harmonically related, whereas 

 cries and whistles are pure tones with or without harmonics. Group IV sounds 

 are clicks or pulses which generally last from 0.5 to 5 msec with peak energy 

 between 20 to 30 Hz. 



Ljungblad, Leatherwood and Dahlheim (1979) recorded two types of sounds 

 from bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ): a short (0.35-0.85 sec) sound and a 

 longer (0.65-2.56 sec) sound, with fundamental frequencies of 50-580 Hz and 

 100-195 Hz, respectively. 



A- 17 



