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side toward No. 1 hold is also desirable. In small vessels, considera- 

 tion should be given to reinforcing the stem with concrete. 



10. Repair inaterials. — Provide a supply of timbers, shores, quick- 

 setting cement, sand, hull plates, angle irons, clamps, wedges, jacks, 

 canvas, collision mats, etc., for the temporary repair of holes and 

 leaks. Stow these near vital places most likely to be damaged. As 

 outboard repairs below the water line may become necessary, con- 

 sideration should be given to carrying diving equipment with neces- 

 sary accessories. 



11. Lookout stations. — Build a shelter in the eyes of the ship for 

 forecastle ice lookouts. Rig a crow's nest as high as possible on the 

 mast and winterize with radiant heater and antiglare windows. Pro- 

 vide a protected conning station above the pilot house. Winterize 

 the pilot house. 



12. De-icing gear. — Provide a number of hardwood or nylon-faced 

 mallets at least 6 inches in diameter for removing ice. Scrapers can 

 also be used, but they are more likely to remove paint, with subsequent 

 rusting. 



13. Sounding hoat. — Install a portable echo sounder in a small boat 

 for use in leading the ship into uncharted coastal waters. 



14. Carrying animals. — If dogs are to be carried, consult the paper 

 by Surgeon-Commander Bingham on the care of dogs at sea. If wild 

 animals or birds are to be brought back from the polar regions provide 

 suitable cages, or the materials for making them, and obtain an ample 

 supply of food. In installing the cages, consider whether warm 

 weather will be encountered before returning to the home port and 

 allow for the necessity of keeping the animals cool, of providing a 

 place to thaw out frozen fish or seal meat, and of abating the sanitary 

 problem involved. 



15. Mooring gear. — Provide the following: 



{a) "Dead men" made up of wooden planks (oak) of approximate 

 dimension 3 x 10 inches x 6 feet. "Dead men" are expended each time 

 the ship is unmoored. It takes at least four at each mooring, and the 

 ship may have to be shifted as often as once a day while unloading 

 operations are being conducted. 



(&) Straps made up of 6- or 8-inch manila or %-inch wire approxi- 

 mately 6 feet long with a large eye splice in each end. Straps are 

 expendable with the "dead men" and an equal nmnber should be 

 provided. 



{c) Toggles of hard wood similar to a 4-inch mallet head with 

 trailing lines. Each mooring line is secured to a manila strap with 



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