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a toggle. Normally the toggle will be recovered, but a good surplus 

 should be on hand in order to provide for losses when freezing makes 

 it necessary to cut lines on unmooring. 



{d) Mooring lines of size normally used. There should be no losses, 

 but one has occasionally to cut off the eye if a toggle is frozen and 

 cannot be withdrawn. 



{e) Picks, shovels, and buckets with lanyards attached to be used 

 by line handling party in burying "dead men". 



(/) A number of long wooden spars or telegraph poles for use as 

 fenders and for construction of heavy temporary brows while along- 

 side the ice. 



The above gear is used for mooring to shelf ice or to bay ice in 

 Antarctic operations, as well as for general Arctic service. Also pro- 

 vide ice anchors, which are stockless single-fluked hooks, and ice axes, 

 which have longer handles than ordinary axes. In Operation HIGH- 

 JUMP to the Antarctic, the Northwind found ice anchors to be much 

 more exjjeditious and efficient as holding gear than "dead men". She 

 used 200-pound single-fluke anchors. On the other hand, Task Force 

 80 found that "dead men" have greater holding power than ice anchors 

 in the Arctic. 



16. Main injections. — Install steam lines on intakes to prevent clog- 

 ging with brash ice. 



17. Electrical equipment. — Add at least 25 percent to the allowance 

 of 1.835 specific gi'avity storage battery acid normally carried. Ther- 

 mally insulate below-water engine-room bulkheads behind and above 

 the main switchboards to eliminate condensation with subsequent water 

 dripping on exposed elements of the board. 



18. Gas bottles. — Provide inside stowage for acetylene, oxygen, and 

 other gas bottles in "stand-by," since if used directly from outside 

 stowage in cold weather, up to 75 cubic feet volume is lost. 



19. Small stores.) ship^s store, or slop chest. — Provide ample supplies 

 of warm clothing, footgear, smoked glasses, face lotion, and antichap 

 lipsticks. Allow 25 to 50 percent increase over normal consumption of 

 cigarettes and candy. If tropics are to be crossed, arrange cool storage 

 for candy bars. 



20. Recreational facilities. — Provide an adequate ship's library, sup- 

 plies of comic books, recent motion pictures, beer, and hobby-shop 

 equipment. 



21. Personnel. — Thoroughly screen men before sailing and eliminate 

 psychiatric misfits. Give the rest complete medical and dental check- 



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