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through the eye of the strap that protrudes up through the ice from 

 the "dead, man,'' and is secured with the toggle passed tlirough its own 

 part for quick release. Check toggles frequently to see that they are 

 free for easy slipping. If wet snow or sleet falls, they may become 

 frozen in place. 



Four mooring lines distributed as shown in the sketch are recom- 

 mended. The number should be kept to a minimum to keep the ship 

 safely secured but also to facilitate a hurried unmooring to clear the 

 area during a break-up. The Bear found that many break-ups oc- 

 curred at night when there was a limited number of men up and avail- 

 able to slip the lines. Lengths of telegi-aph poles 12 to 16 feet long. 

 hung vertically over the side of the ship, make the best fendere. 

 There is usually some ground swell in the Bay of Whales which will 

 cause a vessel to work up and down. Cane fendei*s have a tendency to 

 ice up and may catch on the edges of the shelf ice because of its height 

 above water. 



The use of ice anchors in mooring alongside the Antarctic shelf is 

 generally not recommended. The surface of the ice is too soft to 

 provide adequate holding power. Mooring to a timber with strap 

 and toggle requires less manpower, makes weighing much easier and 

 quicker, and eliminates the possibility of losing an expensive metal 

 anchor. 



Precautions 



{a) To facilitate unloading, moor ship as close to the ice as possible. 



(5) In unloading heavy equipment, land it as far inboard on the 

 ice as booms and cranes will permit so as to avoid having heavy weights 

 on the edge of the ice near the ship. 



(c) Skidding of heavy weights from the ship to the ice is not rec- 

 ommended unless shelf ice conditions appear to be exceptionally good 

 and no crevasses are observed between the ship and the barrier. When 

 skidding is necessary, heavy cribbing made up of long telegraph poles 

 should be used in order to distribute the weight as far inboard on the 

 ice as possible, 



{d) The ship must be kept constantly ready for unmooring and 

 getting under way. A quick break-up may call for that action. If 

 more than one ship is tied up in the same vicinity, the situation may 

 be more complicated, and no time should be wasted in getting clear. 



(e) Unless coming alongside to moor, a vessel should not steam too 

 close to the barrier. Bergs frequently calve without warning. 



(/) Men should not be permitted to wander over the ice away from 

 the ship until a careful check has been made for crevasses. 



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