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TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 



Foreword in 



Bibliography ix 



Chapter 



1. Formation and Growth of Sea Ice 1 



Cause of Freezing 1 



Influence of Salinity 1 



The Growing Process 3 



Rate of Growth 4 



Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Ice 7 



Paleocrystic Ice 9 



2. Classification and Description of Ice 10 



Icebergs 11 



Sea Ice 13 



3. Evaporation, Melting, and Break-up 20 



Heating Agents 20 



Evaporation 20 



Melting 22 



Stages of Disintegration 23 



4. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ice 25 



Strength and Hardness 25 



Thermal Properties 25 



Specific Gravity 27 



Salinity 28 



5. Movement and Drift of Ice 30 



Factors Producing Translation and Differential Motion 30 



Hummocking 30 



Regrouping of Ice 32 



Laws Governing Drift 33 



6. Vessels for Operating in Ice 35 



Wooden Ships 35 



Icebreakers 36 



Cargo Ships 37 



Submarines 39 



LST's 39 



Vessels for Alaskan and Canadian Waters 40 



7. Preparing a Vessel for Ice Operations 42 



Fitting-out Ship 42 



Boats 47 



Preparations En Route to Polar Regions 48 



8. OpeJrations in Polar Waters 50 



Shipboard Precautions 50 



Anchoring 51 



Mooring and Unloading 53 



Water Supplies 58 



Damage and Repairs 59 



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