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Looming, 110. 



LST's, 39-40. 



LVT's, 39. 



Maud, exploration ship, 27, 36, 37, 41, 



76. 

 Melting of ice, 20, 22-23. 

 Melting point, 2, 21, 25. 

 Mirage, 110-112. 

 Mooring, 53-56, 58, 84-85. 

 Mooring gear, 45-46, 54. 

 NANOOK, 78, 81, 117, 122. 

 Nascopie, H. B. C. steamship, 38. 

 Nautilus, submarine, 39. 

 Neve bergs, 12. 

 North Star, U. S. C. G. C, 69. 

 Northwind, U. S. C. G. C., 39, 64, 77, 



78, 81, 85, 90. 

 Odd I, whaler, 12. 

 Offshore water, 23. 

 Open water, signs of, 108. 

 Pack ice, 15, 68, 70, 115. 

 Paleocrystic ice, 9. 

 Pancake ice, 15, 79. 

 Personnel, 46. 



Photography, wash water for, 59. 

 Pitometer log, 86. 

 Polar cap ice, 8. 

 Pools on ice, 23. 

 Pressure in ice, 18, 31, 71. 

 Pumps, 43. 



Quest, exploration ship, 35. ' 

 Radar, use of, 112, 120-121. 

 Recreational facilities, 46. 

 Refraction, 109-112, 115. 

 Repair materials, 45. 

 Rivers, break-up on, 24. 



freezing of, 3. 

 Rudder, 38, 43. 



Salinity, effect on freezing, 1. 



of drinking water, 59. 



of sea ice, 28-29. 

 Screwing pack, 30. 

 Screws, 38, 39, 42. 

 Sealers, 35. 



Seaplanes, operating, 76 

 Searchlights, use of, 71, 

 Sheathing, 43-44. 

 Siberia, ice off, 14. 

 Signals, 105-106. 

 Stop chest, 46. 

 Small stores, 46. 



Snow, effect on ice formation, 4-5, 28. 

 Sonar in ice, 122. 

 Specific gravity. {See Density.) 

 Specific heat of ice, 25-26. 

 Speed in ice, 91-92. 



determining, 119. 

 Stadimeter, use of, 91. 

 Steering with engines, 83. 

 Storis, 24, 34, 69. 

 Strength of ice, 25. 

 Submarines in ice, 39. 

 Tailshafts, 38. 



Temp, Russian ship, 123, 125. 

 Temperature in ice, 4. 

 Thickness of ice, 5-7. 

 Towing in ice, 37, 48, 98-101. 

 Trimming an icebreaker, 80-81, 84. 

 Twin screws, 65. 

 Unloading cargo, 53, 55-58. 

 Vapor pressure, ice and water, 21. 

 Water sky, 61, 79, 108. 

 Water supplies, 58-59. 

 Weasels, M29C, 58. 

 Wind class icebreakers, 36-37, 77-86. 

 Wooden planking, 43-44. 

 Wyandot, U. S. S., 102. 



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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951 



