38 MAPS AND THEIR MAKERS 



evidence to connect him with the development of the portolan 

 chart. 



To sum up; the a\ailable evidence suggests that these 

 charts were introduced in the second half of the thirteenth 

 century, that they were based upon the use of the mariner's 

 compass, and that the navigators and cartographers of northern 

 Italy, especially of Genoa and Venice, played a predominant 

 part in their development. Their history is a good instance of 

 the response of technicians to a new social demand, in this 

 case the need of the commercial communities of Italy to develop 

 communications with their expanding markets. The achieve- 

 ment of these thirteenth-century cartographers was a notable 

 contribution to knowledge, and one which was not surpassed 

 for centuries. 



REFERENCES 



Andrews, M. C, The British Isles in the nautical charts of the XlVth 



and XVth centuries. {Geogr. Journ., 68, 1926, 474-81.) 

 Beazley, C. R., The dawn of modern geography, vol. 3, 1906. 

 HiNKS, A. R., ed., The portolan chart of Angellino de Dalorto, 1325. 



R. Geogr. Soc, 1929. 

 Kretschmer, K., Die italianischcn Portolane des Mittelalters. {Verojfentl. 



Inst.f. Meeresk., Hf. 13, Berlin, 1909.) 

 MoTZO, B, R., II compasso da navigare. Cagliari, 1947. 

 Wagner, H., The origin of the medieval Italian nautical charts. {Rept. 



6th Internal. Geogr. Congress), London, 1896. 

 Winter, H., The true position of H. Wagner in the controversy of the 



compass chart. {Imago Mundiy 5, 1938, 21-6.) 



