THE REVIVAL OF PTOLEMY 73 



^Geography', but Berlinghieri's metrical version of that work, 

 printed at Florence in 1482, is of sufficient importance to be 

 noted with this series. The maps, boldly engraved on copper, 

 are thirty-one in number, the four additional ones being 

 ''Hispania Novella", ''Gallia Novella", "Novella Italia", and 

 "Palestina moderna". These new maps are on the original 

 rectangular projection ; latitude and longitude are not indicated 

 in any way, nor have they scales. Their outlines are clearly 

 derived from the Laurenziana codex or a very close source. 

 The influence of the marine charts is clearly visible in the 

 style of the coastlines, with numerous semi-circular bays and 

 conspicuous headlands. The representation of relief is also 

 very similar to the Laurenziana manuscript. The names on 

 these modern maps are in the current popular forms. They are 

 certainly the most accurate maps to have been printed in the 

 fifteenth century, and it was unfortunate that they were 

 overshadowed for the time by the so-called modern maps of 

 Nicholaus Germanus in the Ulm editions, and to some extent 

 by the Ptolemy maps themselves. The Berlinghieri maps were 

 reprinted again, probably after 1510, and they also had some 

 influence upon the Rome editions of 1507 and 1508. 



The next edition was edited by Nicholaus Germanus 

 himself, and printed at Ulm in 1482. Thus in the period 

 1477-82, four editions with maps had appeared, three in 

 Italy and one in Germany. As one thousand copies of the 

 Bologna edition were printed, and the other editions were 

 probably of a similar size, Ptolemy's ideas received wide 

 diflFusion just at the moment when they were about to be, 

 t^ '^ large extent, proved erroneous. There are thirty-two wood- 

 cut maps in the Ulm Ptolemy, a 'modern' map of Scandinavia, 

 based to some extent on that by Claudius Cla\ais, having been 

 added to the four new to the Berlinghieri edition. The 

 Ptolemaic world-map, for the first time in a printed work, has 

 been amended, the north-west sector being drawn to accord 

 with new details of Scandinavia. The maps, original and 

 modern, have all been redrawn on the 'trapezoidal' projection 

 which Nicholaus claims for his own. It may be regarded as a 

 crude conical projection, the meridians radiating from the Pole, 

 and the parallels being drawn at right angles to the central 



