122 MAPS AND THEIR MAKERS 



Those from whom Ortelius drew his material represent 

 the leading cartographers of his day, and their number gives 

 some idea of the intense activity then displayed in this field. 

 Some of the maps have already been, or will be, mentioned in 

 this outline: among the others may be noted the maps of 

 Westphalia and Gelders by Christopher Schrot; Flanders by 

 Mercator; the Duchy of Austria, Hungary, Tirol and Carinthia 

 by Wolfgang Lazius; Italy and Italian districts by Jacopo 

 Gastaldi; Bavaria by Philip Apian; Switzerland by Aegidius 

 Tschudi; Russia and Tartary by Anthony Jenkinson (first 

 published in London in 1562) and Humphrey Lhuyd's maps 

 of England and Wales. The originals of many of these maps 

 were produced by methods similar to those applied by Philip 

 Apian. 



Mercator states specifically that in the compilation of his 

 world map of 1569, he had used Spanish and Portuguese 

 charts, and for some decades afterwards these remained the 

 sole cartographic source for much of the New World and of the 

 East Indies. When the Dutch, on breaking with Spain, began 

 their overseas expansion, they were naturally at pains to obtain 

 the best of these charts for the use of their pilots. 



In search of sailing directions and charts, J. H. van Lin- 

 schoten spent five years (1583-8) at Goa, and published the 

 fruits of this visit in his 'Itinerario', Amsterdam, 1596. This 

 was accompanied by maps of the East Indies based on the work 

 of Luiz Texeira. On a similar quest, the brothers Cornelius 

 and Frederick Houtman were sent to Lisbon in 1592. Portugal 

 was then under Spanish control, and the brothers were thrown 

 into prison, but eventually returned with twenty-five nautical 

 charts obtained from the Portuguese cartographer Bartolomeo 

 Laso. In making such charts available to Dutch navigators, an 

 important part was played by Petrus Plancius, who had been 

 involved in the Houtman episode, and who contributed a 

 world map to Linschoten's Ttinerario'. Plancius, a theologian 

 and minister of the Reformed Church, gradually established 

 himself as an expert on the route to the Indies and on navigation. 

 For some time he was an advocate of the north-east passage, 

 and was consulted on the preparations for Barentsz's voyage 

 of 1595. His views were based largely on a map by Pedro de 



