MOUNTAINS OF ECUADOR. 



233 



colours — grey, black, red, and yellow, evidently representing so many layers of 

 lavas deposited by successive eruptions. The fragments detached from time 

 to time by the avalanches are of such a texture as to leave no doubt on this 

 point. 



All the upper combes round the terminal domes discharge glaciers, which 

 have been named by Whymper after the explorers who had most contributed to 

 the study of the orography of the Andes. Humboldt, Boussingault, and Hall 

 failed in their attempts to reach the top, which may possibly have been scaled in 

 1856 by Jules Remy during a snowstorm which prevented him from recognising 



Fig-. 89. — CHIMBOEiZO. 

 Scale 1 : 200,000. 



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34 



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vYest of ureenw cK 



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5 Miles. 



the positions, though not from measuring the altitude by the boiling- water 

 process. From the highest point, ascended by Whymper in 1879 and again in 

 1880, a view is commanded of all the volcanoes forming the Ecuadorean " avenue," 

 as well as of the western Pacific range, with its peaks, its passes, and valleys, 

 and, beyond the intervening woodlands, the broad expanse of the ocean 200 miles 

 off. During the second ascent Whjmper and his companions encamped on the 

 upper snows, while the atmosphere was filled with a cloud of ashes ejected by 

 Cotopaxi 60 miles away to the north-west. 



Southwards the porphyritic range decreases in height, and is successively 



