356 



SOUTH AMERICA— THE ANDES EEGIONS. 



years 1826-33. Twelve years later a group of explorers, under Francis de 

 Castelnau, surveyed the fluvial districts between tlie eastern slopes of the Andes 

 and tlie Brazilian forests of Matto Grosso. Pentland and Forbes devoted them- 

 selves more particularly to the peaks, chains and valleys of west Bolivia, with a 

 view to determining their altitudes and geological constitution, Weddell traversed 

 the mining districts in all directions, describing the land, its products and inhabi- 



Fig. 138. — Chief Itineraries of Explorers in Peeit and Bolivia. 

 Scale 1 : 27,000,000. 



St or breenwich 



Explorers of the Ifith century :— C, Conquistadores ; G. P., Gonzalo Pizarro ; O., Orellaaa. 

 „ „ 17th ,, S., DeSosa; T., Texeira. 



„ „ 18th ,. He , Hervas ; Ay., Ayolas ; L.C . La Condamine. 



,, 18(10 to 1850 : -H., Humboldt ; d'O.. D'Orbigny ; Ca., De Castelnau ; Wed., Weddell, 

 „ Modern:— R., Beyes; Cha., Chnmlless; Br., Brown; Li., Lidstone ; Cbu., Church; 



K., Keller; M., Markham ; W., Wiener ; Mi., Mincbin; Th., Tbouar ; B., Bravo; 



Mo., Monnier ; L. A. F.. Labre, Armentia, Fry ; C.H., Hydrographie Commission ; 



R., Raimoudi ; Wo., Wolf. 



620 Miles. 



tants. The engineer, Hugo Reck, explored many regions and prepared a map 

 which, despite its date (1865), is still much valued. In 1875, Musters, Minchin 

 and Cilley occupied themselves mainly with the geodesy of the land, determin- 

 ing the positions of most of the towns, mines and mountain passes. Wiener 

 studied the people, their history and their works (1877) ; while Church, Keller, 

 Labre and Armentia surveyed the vast network of running waters in the eastern 

 basins. Crevaux, Thouar, Balzan, Fernandez, Stubel and others have also 



