INHABITANTS— TOPOGEAPHY OF BOLIVIA. 379 



are lield in small account, and if troublesome they are quickly got rid of. Similar 

 customs prevail amongst the Caripunas, the Araonas, Pacauaras, Toromanas and 

 other tribes of the wooded plains watered by the Beni and Madre de Dios. 



The Apolis'ias. 



Various Indian groups occupying the foothills and plains of Apolobamba bear 

 the general name of Apolistas. One of these, the Collahuayas, called also 

 Mufiecas, from the name of their province, and Charazani from one of their 

 villages, dwell on the elevated uplands in the midst of the Aymaras, from whom, 

 however, they keep aloof apparently indifferent to all passing events. Outwardly 

 Catholics, and round their necks wearing a massive silver crucifix as a distinctive 

 mark, the Collahuayas never marry outside the tribe, and speak a distinct language. 

 More active and of lighter complexion than the Quichuas and Aymaras, they have 

 also more delicate features, softer and more abundant hair, which they do up in a 

 thick plaited knot. 



Taciturn, patient and cunning, eager for gain and miserly, they think only of 

 hoarding the family wealth. Like certain highbinders of the Balkan peninsula, 

 the Alps and Pyrenees, they roam abroad as itinerant dealers in nostrums, 

 magnets, metal objects, strolling minstrels and occasionally as doctors. In these 

 capacities they traverse Bolivia, Lower Peru, even Brazil and the Argentine 

 States, where they are simjjly known as Indios del Peru, " Peruvian Indians." 

 After many years of this wandering life they bring back to their families the 

 earnings thus laboriously acquired, at times returning with convo3^s of mules 

 laden with their amassed wealth. 



YI. 



Topography of Bolivia — Tiahuanaco. 



At present Bolivia has no large towns, though it is possible that large centres 

 of population may have formerly existed in this region. The now obscure village 

 of Tiahuanaco on the dry margin of Lake Titicaca, and 118 feet above the present 

 water-level, was at one time, if not a great city, at least a political and religious 

 metropolis. The ruins of a temple crown an eminence which was long believed 

 to be artificial, but which Stiibel shows is a natural hill. Sculptured granite and 

 porphyry blocks lie strewn over the ground, some looking as if still waiting to 

 be placed in position by the builders, and there are many other indications to 

 show that the great works here projected were never entirely completed, having 

 doubtless been interrupted by the Quichua conquest of Aymaraland, about 120 

 or 130 years before the arrival of the Spaniards. Rows of huge megaliths are 

 still standing, which either mark the line of ancient streets, or more probably 

 formed part of a vast cyclopean structure of the Stonehenge type. 



