SECTION PAGE 



5.642 High and Low Groins 5-33 



5.643 Adjustable Groins 5-33 



5.65 GROIN OPERATION 5-33 



5.66 DIMENSIONS OF GROINS 5-34 



5.661 Horizontal Shore Section 5-34 



5.662 Intermediate Sloped Section 5-36 



5.663 Outer Section 5-36 



5.664 Spacing of Groins 5-36 



5.665 Length of Groins 5-38 



5.67 ALIGNMENT OF GROINS 5-41 



5.68 ORDER OF GROIN CONSTRUCTION 5-43 



5.69 LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF GROINS 5-44 



5.610 ECONOMIC DETERMINATION OF GROIN CONSTRUCTION 5-44 



5.611 LEGAL ASPECTS 5-46 



5.7 JETTIES 5-46 



5.71 DEFINITION 5-46 



5.72 TYPES 5-46 



5.73 SITING 5-47 



5.74 EFFECTS ON THE SHORELINE 5-48 



5.8 BREAKWATERS - SHORE-CONNECTED 5-49 



5.81 DEFINITION 5-49 



5.82 TYPES 5-49 



5.83 SITING 5-50 



5.84 EFFECT ON THE SHORELINE 5-50 



5.9 BREAKWATERS - OFFSHORE 5-50 



5.91 DEFINITION 5-50 



5.92 TYPE 5-50 



5.93 SITING 5-51 



5.94 EFFECTS ON THE SHORELINE 5-51 



5.95 OPERATION OF AN OFFSHORE BREAKWATER 5-51 



5.96 OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS IN SERIES 5-55 



5.97 HEIGHT OF AN OFFSHORE BREAKWATER 5-55 



5.10 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-57 



REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. 5-58 



CHAPTER 6 - STRUCTURAL FEATURES 



6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 



6.2 SEAWALLS, BULKHEADS, AND REVETMENTS 6-1 



6.21 TYPES 6-1 



6.22 SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL TYPE 6-15 



6.221 Foundation Conditions 6-15 



6.222 Exposure to Wave Action 6-15 



6.223 Availability of Materials 6-15 



iv 



