CONTENTS 



CHAPTER 7 



STRUCTURAL DESIGN: PHYSICAL FACTORS 



Page 

 I WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 7-1 



1 . Design Criteria 7-1 



2. Representation of Wave Conditions 7-1 



3. Determination of Wave Conditions 7-2 



4. Selection of Design Wave Conditions 7-3 



II WAVE RUNUP, OVERTOPPING, AND TRANSMISSION 7-16 



1 . Wave Runup 7-16 



2 . Wave Overtopping 7-43 



3. Wave Transmission 7-61 



III WAVE FORCES 7-100 



1. Forces on Piles 7-101 



2. Nonbreaking Wave Forces on Walls 7-161 



3. Breaking Wave Forces on Vertical Walls 7-180 



4. Broken Waves 7-192 



5. Effect of Angle of Wave Approach 7-198 



6. Effect of a Nonvertical Wall 7-200 



7. Stability of Rubble Structures 7-202 



8. Stability of Rubble Foundations and Toe Protection 7-242 



IV VELOCITY FORCES—STABILITY OF CHANNEL REVETMENTS 7-249 



V IMPACT FORCES 7-253 



VI ICE FORCES 7-253 



VII EARTH FORCES 7-256 



1 . Active Forces 7-256 



2 . Passive Forces 7-257 



3. Cohesive Soils 7-260 



4. Structures of Irregular Section 7-260 



5 . Submerged Material 7-260 



6 . Uplift Forces 7-260 



LITERATURE CITED 7-261 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 7-277 



TABLES 



7-1 Determination of design wave heights 7-15 



7-2 Value of r for various slope characteristics 7-32 



7-3 Some considerations of breakwater selection 7-64 



7-4 Steady flow drag coefficients for supercritical Reynolds 



numbers 7-139 



