hydvostatie component . The reduction is not appliaable to rubble strua- 



tures . The maximum force does not act along the entire length of a wall 



simultaneously; consequently, the average force per unit length of wall will 

 be lower. 



6. Effect of a Nonvertical Wall . 



Formulas previously presented for breaking and broken wave forces may be 

 used for structures with nearly vertical faces. 



If the face is sloped backward as in Figure 7-107a, the horizontal 

 component of the dynamic force due to waves breaking either on or seaward of 

 the wall should be reduced to 



R" = R'sin 



(7-113) 



where 9 is defined in Figure 7-107. The vertical component of the dynamic 

 wave force may be neglected in stability computations. For design 

 calculations, forces on stepped structures as in Figure 7-107b may be computed 

 as if the face were vertical, since the dynamic pressure is about the same as 

 computed for vertical walls. Curved nonreentrant face structures (Fig. 

 7-107c) and reentrant curved face walls (Fig. 7-107d) may also be considered 

 as vertical. 



« ■.; 



• .*■ • 



•. • ••4:.-- .•■.•••.••^••?•.^:^ 

 (a) Sloping Wall 



T^ 



v»--;:^;-.'':;}*::v:^\-y..-.v:n 

 (b) Stepped Wall 



v7«^ 





Figure 7-107. Wall shapes. 



7-200 



