SECTION PAGE 



4.6 ROLE OF FOREDUNES IN SHORE PROCESSES 4-111 



4.61 BACKGROUND 4-111 



4.62 ROLE OF FOREDUNES 4-113 



4.621 Prevention of Overtopping 4-113 



4.622 Reservoir of Beach Sand 4-115 



4.623 Long-Term Effects 4-115 



4.7 SEDIMENT BUDGET 4-116 



4.71 DEFINITIONS 4-116 



4.711 Sediment Budget 4-116 



4.712 Elements of Sediment Budget 4-117 



4.713 Sediment Budget Boundaries 4-119 



4.72 SOURCE OF LITTORAL MATERIAL 4-119 



4.721 Rivers 4-119 



4.722 Erosion of Shores and Cliffs 4-121 



4.723 Transport from Offshore Slope 4-121 



4.724 Windblown Sediment Sources 4-123 



4.725 Carbonate Production 4-123 



4.726 Beach Replenishment 4-123 



4.73 SINKS FOR LITTORAL MATERIALS 4-124 



4.731 Inlets and Lagoons 4-124 



4.732 Overwash 4-124 



4.733 Backshore and Dune Storage 4-124 



4.734 Offshore Slopes 4-127 



4.735 Submarine Canyons 4-127 



4.736 Deflation 4-129 



4.737 Carbonate Loss 4-129 



4.738 Mining and Dredging 4-129 



4.74 CONVECTION OF LITTORAL MATERIALS 4-131 



4.75 RELATIVE CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL 4-131 



4.76 SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT BUDGET 4-131 



4.8 ENGINEERING STUDY OF LITTORAL PROCESSES 4-139 



4.81 OFFICE STUDY 4-139 



4.811 Sources of Data 4-139 



4.812 Interpretation of Shoreline Position 4-140 



4.82 FIELD STUDY 4-147 



4.821 Wave Data Collection 4-147 



4.822 Sediment Sampling 4-147 



4.823 Surveys 4-147 



4.824 Tracers 4-150 



4.83 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CALCULATIONS 4-152 



4.831 Longshore Transport Rate 4-152 



4.832 Onshore-Offshore Motion 4-153 



4.833 Sediment Budget 4-154 



REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4-155 



