4.253 Pacific Coast . Sands on the southern California coast range in 

 size from 0.1 to 0.6 millimeter (3.3 to 0.7 phi). (Emery, 1960, p. 190.) 

 The northern California coast becomes increasingly rocky, and coarser 

 material becomes more abundant. The Oregon and Washington coasts include 

 considerable sand (Bascom, 1964), with many rock outcrops. Sand-sized 

 sediment is contributed by the Columbia River and other smaller rivers. 



4.254 Alaska . Alaska has a long coastline (47,300 miles), and is corres- 

 pondingly variable in littoral materials. However, beaches are generally 

 narrow, steep, and coarse-grained; they commonly lie at the base of sea- 

 cliffs. (Sellman, et al., 1971, p. D-10.) Quartz sand is less common and 

 gravel more common here than on many other U.S. coasts. 



4.255 Hawaii . Much of the Hawaiian islands is bounded by steep cliffs, 

 but there are extensive beaches. Littoral materials consist primarily of 

 bed rock, and white sand formed from calcium carbonate produced by marine 

 invertebrates. Dark colored basaltic and olivine sands are common where 

 river mouths reach the sea. (Shepard and Wanless, 1971, p. 497, U.S. Army, 

 Corps of Engineers, 1971.) 



4.256 Great Lakes . The U.S. coasts of the Great Lakes vary from high 

 bluffs of clay, shale, and rock, through lower rocky shores and sandy 

 beaches, to low marshy clay flats. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National 

 Shoreline Study, August 1971, North Central Division, p. 13.) The litto- 

 ral materials are quite variable. Specific features are discussed, for 

 example, by Bowman (1951); Hulsey (1962); Davis (1964-65); Bajorunas and 

 Duane (1967); Berg and Duane (1968); Saylor and Upchurch (1970); Hands 

 (1970); and Corps of Engineers (1953, 1971). 



4.26 SAMPLING LITTORAL MATERIALS 



Sampling programs are designed to provide information about littoral 

 materials on one or more of the following characteristics: 



(a) typical grain size (usually median size), 



(b) size distribution, 



(c) composition of the littoral materials, 



(d) variation of (a), (b) , and (c) , with horizontal and vertical 

 position on the site, and 



(e) possible variation in (a), (b) , (c) , and (d) with time. 



A sampling program will depend on the intended purpose of the samples, 

 the time and money available for sampling, and an inspection of the site 

 to be sampled. A brief inspection will often identify the principal vari- 

 ations in the sediment and suggest the best ways to sample these variations. 

 Sampling programs usually involve beach and nearshore sands and potential 

 borrow sources. 



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