Sometimes protective features such as breakwaters and jetties must be constructed 

 before work can be done in the interior water areas. Then, it is customary to complete the 

 design of these protective features first, so that they can be constructed while planning 

 continues on the interior features. Approach roads and some interior road work may be 

 necessary to provide access to the site for the working equipment. These roads should be 

 planned and constructed early in the project. If the site is remote from developed areas, 

 water supply and power transmission Unes may have to be designed and built separately as 

 another early feature of the project. Certain components may require a longer time to 

 construct than others, e.g., long entrance channels and large excavated basins. Design and 

 construction must be started in time for completion along with the rest of the project. 



On small projects, the best procedure may be to design the entire facility before 

 construction begins so that it can be accomplished under one contract. On larger projects, 

 planning and construction time estimates become important in setting up work schedules 

 that defer all expenditures until they are actually needed to prevent delaying project 

 completion. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is often employed to 

 relate aU the various events in design and construction to the time required to accomphsh 

 them. A similar technique is the Critical Path Method (CPM) by which all activities in 

 project design and construction are analyzed graphically to determine which ones become 

 critical in accomphshing all the work in the least possible time. The scope of this text does 

 not permit a detailed explanation of these procedures, but they are covered in various 

 engineering pubUcations and may be found useful in some large harbor construction 

 projects. 



All the major components with tlie exception of certain proprietary systems require 

 complete design detailing. With the wealth of specialized knowledge in the fields of 

 floating-dock systems and boat-handling equipment, considerable design effort can be saved 

 by merely designating the areas available for such systems and the approximate dimensions 

 of docks, piers, and slips, or the required capacities for the hoisting equipment. Proposals 

 are then solicited from the various equipment and systems manufacturers, and the most 

 desirable selected early in project planning. These systems will have certain requirements for 

 anchorages, gangway landings, utiUty hne connections, local perimeter treatment, and 

 foundations that must be considered in the design of basins and perimeter waUs. If a bubbler 

 system is instaUed in a cold cUmate marina, it may have additional requirements for line 

 connections and the compressor site. AU of these requirements must be obtained from the 

 manufacturers or system instaUers and satisfied in the final design of any other components 

 that may be affected. 



b. Contracting Procedures. The degree of detaUing in the construction drawings and 

 specifications wiU vary with the contracting procedure used, but a minimum amount is 

 required regardless of the contractual arrangement. For this reason it is advantageous to 



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