APPENDIX B-Continued 





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Fig. 1: Bulkhead desigr., zero-foot water depth. 



5 Place the backlill Where passive resistance 

 anchorage systems are used, be certain to place 

 fill over the anchors before backfilling behind 

 the sheet-pile wall. 

 Establish accurate survey lines as a control for the 

 construction of water front and shore-protection struc- 

 tures and anchorage systems Exercise care in locat- 

 ing positions of round piles and posts that support 

 horizontal timbers that will be used as driving guides 

 for sheet piles In all cases, use a driving guide for 

 sheet piles preferably the permanent horizontal wale 

 that IS attached to the vertical round piling or posts. 

 (See Figs 1 2. and 3 ) 



It IS particularly important to drive the first few sheet 

 ■ piles accurately vertical in all directions The wall must 

 be plumb and the sheet piles must not be inclined 

 within the plane of the wall One of the common prob- 

 lems facing piling contractors is "creep." the tendency 

 for successive sheet piles to lean more and more in 

 the direction of construction of the wall. The wall can 

 be perfectly plumb, yet piles can lean; this error in 

 alignment tends to accumulate and. if left uncorrected, 

 can create considerable difficulties in driving succes- 



sive piles. A discussion of this situation and how to 

 correct it is given in Ref. 1. pp. 332 and 333. 



As sheet-pile driving proceeds, place the tongue of 

 each new sheet in the forward position and the groove 

 in tight contact with the tongue of the sheet previously 

 driven Keep the joints between piles as tight as prac- 

 ticable Remember that the maximum allowable open- 

 ing at joints is '/; inch for splined and Wakefield piling 

 and % inch for tongue-and-grcove piling It wider 

 joints appear after the sheet piles have been spiked 

 to the outer wale, cover them with treated timber lath 

 to prevent the backfill material from gradually filtering 

 through the cracks and being lost 



Wherever passive-resistance anchorage systems are 

 used, the anchorage must be well covered with a com- 

 pacted mound of earth before backfill material is 

 deposited to any appreciable depth against the piling. 

 Otherwise, the pressures generated by the backfill iiipy 

 disrupt the sheet piling and the anchorage system 



Use a predominately granular material for backfill 

 adjacent to the sheet piling and over the anchorage 

 system. Shoreward of the anchorage, a poorer quality 

 filling material may be used unless it is objectionable 



310 



