ICE TEEMS. 65 



quent observations of the temi^erature both of the air and sea should 

 be taken and considered. 



The appearance of herds of seals, or flocks of birds, far from land 

 is a sign of ice. 



The ice cracking, or pieces of it falling into the sea, makes a noise 

 like breakers, or a distant discharge of guns, which may often be 

 heard from a short distance. 



No rule can be laid down for safe navigation : everything depends 

 on the vigilance, skill, and caution of the navigator. Vessels should 

 pass to windward of icebergs to avoid the loose ice floating to leeward. 



Ice terms. — Field ice is a large area of unnavigable flat ice, the 

 extent of which may not be visible from the masthead. 



Floe ice consists of several pieces of field ice frozen or pressed 

 together. 



Land ice is field or floe ice attached to the shore since the winter. 



Huniniocky ice is formed by the edges of ice floes meeting in 

 strong breezes, when they are pushed up and formed into pyramids, 

 which are then named hummocks, and it is of these that the high 

 mounds of ice met with in the gulf of St. Lawrence are generally 

 composed. 



Pack ice is a large collection of pieces of ice from broken-up floes 

 or icebergs which have to a certain extent closed together again. 

 The pack is said to be open when it presents leads or lanes of water 

 between the pieces of ice, forming more or less navigable channels, 

 and close when it is not possible to navigate through the pack. 



Drift ice is unattached pieces of floating ice, easily navigable. 



Brash or Sludge ice is a collection of very small pieces of broken- 

 up ice, through which a ship can easily force her way. 



Pancake ice is newly frozen ice of insufficient thickness to prevent 

 navigation, and is sometimes separated into pieces of a form sugges- 

 tive of the name. 



Bay ice is newly frozen ice sufficiently thick to prevent navigation. 



Iceberg is floating ice formed on shore and detached from its 

 parent glacier. 



Floeberg is a thick piece of salt water ice presenting the appear- 

 ance of a small iceberg. 



A lead or lane is a navigable channel in pack or other ice. 



Open water is free navigable water adjacent to ice incumbered 

 water. 



Ice foot is the ice frozen to the shore, which does not rise and fall 

 with the tide. 



Signals respecting ice. — Information as to ice, wind, tempera- 

 ture, and weather indications can be obtained by communicating with 

 the marine signal stations at cape Race; Galantry head, St. Pierre 

 76846—09 5 



