craft structures, protection of personnel, rescue and survival, con- 

 struction and logistic support of airfields and bases, expense and 

 difficulties of establishment and maintenance of adequate facilities 

 including navigational aids and early warning radar nets, and 

 military protection and security. 



Four major problems present themselves for solution in the 

 conduct of winter warfare on land, regardless of geographic area, 

 under conditions of snow, ice, mud, and extreme cold, that are 

 likely to be encountered at various times of the year above the 

 thirty-fifth parallel in the Northern Hemisphere. These are (1) 

 keeping men and animals warm and comfortable, (2) transporta- 

 tion of troops across snow and ice, (3) transportation and pres- 

 ervation of supplies and equipment, and (4) prevention of mal- 

 functioning of weapons, ammunition, and equipment. Men are 

 subject to chilling, frostbite, freezing, and at certain seasons snow 

 blindness. When cold, they are less alert and consequently in- 

 capable of performing tasks in the usual time under conditions 

 prevailing in temperate chmates. Ordinary wheeled vehicles are 



Figure 1-11. — AKA serves Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. 



