Cake — A term of general meaning used in reference to individual 

 pieces of pack ice. 



Calving — The breaking away of ice from its parent berg, glacier, 

 or shelf ice formation. 

 Channel — Lead (lane). 



Close Ice — Ice so closely packed that it covers seven-tenths to nine- 

 tenths of the sea surface and virtually all sea water openings are 

 obscure. 



Close Pack — Close ice or pack composed mostly of cakes in contact. 

 (See fig. 11.) 



Coast or Coastal Ice (Fast Ice) — A stretch of ice, broken or un- 

 broken, either stranded in shoal water, attached to the shore, or 

 held fast in position of growth in embayments by glaciers or 

 glacier systems. 



Conglomerated Ice — Various forms of floating ice compacted into 

 one mass. 



Consolidated Pack — An ice area containing the heaviest forms of 

 sea ice and entirely devoid of water spaces. 



Crevasse — A rift or fissure in a glacier, shelf ice, or other land-ice 

 formation. 



Cul-de-sac — Blind lead. 



Deadman — A large timber buried in the ground, snow, or ice to 

 which a mooring line can be attached for securing a ship. (See 

 HO 551.) 



Drift Ice — Loose, very open pack where water predominates 

 over ice; floating ice; any ice that has drifted from its place of 

 origin. 



Erosion — Destruction of sea-ice by the action of waves and 

 weather. 



Fast Ice — See Coast Ice. 



Field Ice — The largest connected areas of sea-ice, ranging from 

 several to scores of miles wide ; also ice field. 



Floe — An area of sea-ice consisting of a single unbroken piece of 

 ice or many large consolidated pieces ; small floe, 30 to 600 feet 

 across; medium floe, 600 to 3,000 feet across; giant floe, 3,000 feet 

 to 5 or more miles across. 



Floeberg — A mass of thick, heavily hummocked sea-ice usually 

 detached from its parent floe. 



Frost Smoke — A mist or thick fog rising from sea surface when 

 the relatively warmer water is exposed to an air temperature much 

 below freezing; steam fog; arctic smoke. 

 Giant Floe — See Floe. 



