states, which activity is the basic test of sovereignty. Such mani- 

 festations of authority as those discussed above do effect an ade- 

 quate satisfaction of the needs of the sovereign in that particular 

 area, and seem, therefore, to constitute an effective occupation. 

 The following can also be offered as evidence of the strong con- 

 trol that Canada maintains over her Arctic: 



1. The Canadian official sponsorship of the 1913-18 Arctic ex- 

 pedition, which made it necessary for Stefansson to return funds 

 he had previously solicited from various sources in the United 

 States. 



2. Payment by the Canadian Government in 1930 of $67,000 

 to Otto Sverdrup in recognition of his discoveries, claimed by 

 Canada. 



3. The maintenance of posts throughout the inhabited area by 

 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the patrols periodically 

 made by police officers into the uninhabited areas. The enforce- 

 ment of these officers of Canadian law among the resident native 

 and white inhabitants. 



4. The various services afforded by the Canadian Department 

 of Health and Welfare in the area. These include payments in 

 assistance of mission hospitals established in the area and pay- 

 ment to missions for all patients receiving treatment, and the 

 provision of medical and dental service to all residents of the area 

 needing such attention who are encountered in the annual arctic 

 patrols. 



5. Payment of babij bonus, one of the social services maintained 

 by the Canadian Government, to Eskimos and other residents of 

 the Canadian Arctic. The baby bonus funds are administered by 

 the Department of Health and Welfare. 



6. Command of all weather stations established jointly by the 

 United States and Canada in the Canadian Arctic is reserved for 

 Canadian Government employees. 



UNITED STATES 



It is now a certainty that there is no land mass of any significance 

 between Alaska and the North Pole. Consequently the United 

 States has had no occasion to make any territorial claims in the 

 so called United States Sector. However, official pronouncements 

 have been made indicating that, should any discoveries be made 

 in the area, the Government would take the position that they 

 came under our sovereignty. For example, when the Naval Com- 



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