Boundaries, complication by ice areas, 



142 

 Byrd expeditions, 4-6 



Canada 



defense agreement with, 154 

 sovereignty, 141-52 

 Canada, northern, wind system, 106 

 Canadian arctic, 41-51 

 eastern 



animal life, 48 

 coastal areas, 41-42 

 climate, 47 



human geography, 49 

 resources, 49 

 topography, 42-46 

 transportation, effect of sea- 

 sons, 50 

 vegetation, 48 

 western, 52-53 

 Carbon monoxide poisoning, 186 

 Caribou, importance, " 48 

 Ceilings, 120 



Characteristics of arctic regrions, 20 

 Claims to territory, 145 

 Climate, 91-140 



antarctic, general, 217-19 

 Canadian eastern arctic, 47 

 coastal, 35 



Fenno-Scannian arctic, 73 

 Iceland, 68 

 Soviet arctic, 79 

 Spitsbergen, 72 

 summary, 135 

 (tables), 135-40 

 Clothing, 157-175, 176 

 care, 160-65 

 cleaning, 163-64 

 design, 166 

 emergency, 190 

 function, 165 



icebreaker operations, 173 

 issuance of, 174 

 precautions, general, 160 

 seasonal, 159 



submarine operations, 172 

 summary, 175 



utility of various items (scale list), 

 172 

 Cloud deck, character of, 118 

 Cloud heights, 119 

 Cloudiness, 



Antarctica, 211 



amount (table), 222 



Cloudiness — Continued 

 forecasting, 215 

 arctic, 117-20 



mean monthly and annual (table), 

 140 

 Clouds, types, 131-32 

 Coastal areas 

 Alaska, 54 

 Canadian arctic 

 eastern, 41-42 

 western, 52 

 climate, effect on northern seas, 35 

 Cold, intense 



effects described by explorers, 177- 



79 

 reason for, 56 

 Cold pole, 124 



Coldest temperature recorded, 122 

 Cold weather operations, recent, 6-10 

 Colonization of North American sub- 

 arctic, 58 

 Commonwealth Bay, 202 

 Construction practices, standard, 14 

 Currents, Baffin Bay, 3J^, 35 



Darkness, 20 



Daylight, 20 



Defense agreements, 153-56 



Denmark, sovereignty, 150 



Distance tables, 31-32 



Spitsbergen, 71 

 Drainage 



glaciation and, 24 



Iceland, 67 



North American subarctic, 55 



Emergency fuel, 188 



Emergency living, 186-92. See also 



Health and survival. 

 Eskimos 



foods, 48 



number, 50 

 Expeditions, polar, chronology, 2-6 

 Exploration, readings on, list, 198 



Fenno-Scannian arctic 



climate, 74 



coastal areas, 74 



geography, 73-76 



human geography, 75 



transportation, 76 

 Finland, sovereignty, 152 

 Finland, geography, 73-76. See also 



Fenno-Scannian arctic. 

 First aid, 187 



