Immersion, 186 

 Industry, 31 



Spitsbergen, 73 



Soviet arctic, 81 

 International agreements, 153-56 

 International law, 141-156 

 Inversions, temperature, 125 

 Isolated arctic islands, geography, 83- 



87 

 Isotherms, irregularities in winter, 



125 



Jan Mayen Island, 83 

 Jeanette, 2 



Kara Sea, low ceilings, 120 

 Kodiak bear, 56 



Labrador current, 54 

 Lag of seasons, 124 



Lapland. See Fenno-Scannian arctic. 

 Law, 141-156 



Lena River, navigability, 39 

 Lenin Land, 87 

 Life, marine, 40 



Limitations on sea operations, 11 

 Littoral ice, 50 



Low-pressure center, Baffin Bay, semi- 

 permanent, 93 

 common track, 92, 93-94 



Manuals (list), 198 



Marine animal life, 40 



Mineral deposits. See Resources. 



Mirages, 111 



Mittens, 169 



Morale, 181 



Mukluk boots, 167, 168 



Natural resources. See Resources. 

 New Siberian Island, 87 

 Nicholas II Land, 87 

 North American subarctic 



animal life, 56 



coastal areas, 54 



colonization, 58 



drainage, 55 



extreme cold, reason for, 56 



fog, 54 



human geography, 58 



geography, 54-59 



remoteness, 58 



resources, 57 



road construction, problems, 59 



topography, 55 



vegetation, 56 

 North Pole, temperature, 122 

 Northern seas. See Arctic sea. 



Norway, geography, 73-76. See also 

 Fenno-Scannian arctic, 

 sovereignty, 151 

 Novaya Zemlya, 84 



Ob, Gulf of, freezing, 39 

 Operation Frostbite, 7 

 Operation Highjump, 9 

 Operation Nanook, 8-9 

 Operations, Naval reports of (list), 

 198 



Pack, polar, 37 



Pack ice, temperature, 127 



Parka, 170 



Pasture, Iceland, 69 



Peary expeditions, 2-3 



Permafrost 



Canadian western arctic, 53 



vegetation and, 24 



water, 23 

 Personal equipment, 157-175, 176 

 Perspiration 



amount per day, 163 



avoidance of, 159 

 insensible, 161 

 Physiography, Soviet arctic, 78 

 Plants, rate of growth, 26 

 Point Barrow 



summer winds, 105 

 winter winds, 104, 105 

 Polar anticyclone, 106 

 Polar bear, 29 



poisonous liver, 192 

 Polar pack, 37 

 Pole, cold, 124 



Pole, North, temperature at, 122 

 Population, 30 



Eskimo, 50 



Greenland, 65 

 Possessions, 141-156 

 Precipitation, 128-30, 132-34. See 

 also Rain and Snow. 



amount, 129 



antarctic, 212 



average days per month and year 

 (table), 139 



Canadian western arctic, 53 



frequency, 129 

 Pressure, atmospheric, 134 



antarctic, aid to forecasting, 214 

 Problems, major, polar naval opera- 

 tions, 13 

 Publications, hydrographic (list), 198 

 Purge (wind), 125 

 Pytheas of Massilia, 1 



Radiation fog, 114, 115 



