(2) Sediment Type II . These materials are very fine to medium grain- 

 size sands from 0.125 to 0.5 millimeter (3 to 1 phi) primarily composed of 

 quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments. These sands are most abundant along the 

 Long Island coast where glacial sand outwash fans and the Harbor Hill Moraine 

 are exposed to wave action and littoral processes (Fig. 14). Type II sands 

 are also associated with the shoals and reef areas such as Cable and Anchor, 

 Stratford, Middle Ground, Six Mile, and parts of Long Sand Shoal off the 

 Connecticut River. In eastern parts of the Sound, sand waves with heights 

 reaching 4.6 meters are present on the profiles. Bokuniewicz , Gordon, and 

 Kastens (1977) studied the area and found that bed forms do not form where 

 there is more than 10 percent mud or 12 percent coarse sand. 



(3) Sediment Type III. These are medium . to coarse sands in the size 

 range from 0.5 to 1.0 millimeter (1 to phi) with a composition similar to 

 type II sediments except for higher percentages of rock fragments. The sedi- 

 ments are commonly associated with type II and IV sediments and are found 

 along the shore and in patches adjacent to shoals where strong currents remove 

 the finer sediments and leave the coarser sediments as lag deposits. 



(4) Sediment Type IV. Materials with type IV sediments are coarse 

 and very coarse sands and gravels larger than 1 millimeter (0 phi) in diam- 

 eter, and are generally very poorly sorted. Because of the limiting diameter 

 of the core barrel used in obtaining samples, the very coarsest materials in 

 the cobble and boulder range are not represented; however, Ellis (1962), Flint 

 and Gebert (1976), and Newman (1977) point out that boulders with diameters up 

 to several meters are present in some of the glacial moraines and adjacent 

 outwash heads. As with the other coarse-grained sediments, type IV materials 

 are limited to nearshore and shoal areas where glacial deposits are exposed to 

 wave attack or strong littoral or tidal currents. 



Figure 13 shows that cores 7A, 21, 38, 70, and 74 contain several meters 

 of type IV sediments that crop out on the surface, but cores 36, 22, 37A, 78, 

 52A, and Alpine 1 also show muds and finer grained sands overlying the very 

 coarse material. 



III. BEACH-FILL NEEDS AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL 



1. Sandfill Requirements for Long Island and Connecticut Beaches. 



The shoreline along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to Cape Cod is 

 probably the most heavily attended recreational area in the United States. 

 The New York metropolitan area alone has more than 12 million people, and 

 although most visit the Long Island south shore beaches there are a number of 

 town beaches and public parks on the north shore that support recreation and 

 periodically experience erosion problems where beach fill might provide a 

 solution. 



Connecticut has numerous resort communities along the coast, particularly 

 between the New York-Connecticut border and New Haven, with parks and beach 

 areas that experience frequent erosion and storm flooding. In the past 40 

 years many of these beach areas have had some form of coastal engineering 

 work; the 15 areas shown in Figure 15 have or may in the future involve beach 

 nourishment. Sherwood Park, and the coastal segment from Silver Beach to 

 Cedar Beach south of Milford, are the regions most likely to require renour- 

 ishment in the near future. 



36 



