5x10' 



2^ 



D 



10 



- 





1 1 



1 



1 1 



-1 — r 



1 







I 



- 



- 











4 





■• 



M 



» 



- 









< 



Ml 



♦ 



T 





< 





A 





G 

 Q 



O 



O 

 1 1 



D 



B 



O 



1 



1 1 



O 



(5 

 1 1 



1 











2x10 



3x|0 



Figure 15. Initial ripple length, independent of a. 

 Symbols are defined in Table 1. 



48 



