(q) pipe flow 







log C^ 



\A 







turbulent 



X' 







k. 





\~-~ 





^ K 





N^^^ 



















\ 



























^^^^ 



""' 



1°E-^ 



log R 



(b) ripples 



log 



Fig^ure 31. Analogy between (a) transition from laminar 

 to turbulent flow in a rough pipe, and 

 (b) transition from oscillatory-flow to 

 steady-flow ripples. 



76 



