range of (transport) aircraft increased, it became cost- 
effective to bypass what were once necessary intermediate 
stops. ...Today'’s system is optimized for smooth peacetime 
use; much of what was excess to this has been dismantled. 
(c) ...a limited number of base sites have emerged as 
central nodes in the global system. They are important not 
only for regional military operations, but for moving men and 
material to other regions as well. The leaders of the nations 
in which these key nodes are emerging -- in the Philippines, 
Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Turkey -- are aware of the grow- 
ing dependency of the entire U.S. overseas basing system on 
the facilities on their territory. 
2.1.3. Cost and Financial 
2.1.3.1. The Hudson Institute 
(a) ...there (are) two broad categories of monetary costs 
associated with overseas basing. One of these can be called 
the "fixed costs" of basing.... Another cost associated with 
overseas basing might be called "permit costs." Permit costs 
are paid to obtain the privilege and authority to build, 
improve, and maintain U.S. military facilities on another 
nation's territory. 
(b) It is in the next seven years or so that the basing 
problem is likely to be most acute, because this is when the 
most difficult and contentious base access negotiations are to 
occur. 
2.1.3.2. The Center for Naval Warfare Studies, NWC 
(c) The cost of bases is increasing coincidentally with a 
reduction in the resources available to pay the increased 
cost. ...QOur willingness and ability to pay have not kept 
pace. Even when we achieve mutually agreed terms in base 
negotiations, often pledged aid has not materialized. 
2.2.0. Strategic Problem Definition 
Part of the thrust of the report of the Commission On Integrated 
Long Term Strategy, Discriminate Deterrence, can be characterized as 
long term strategic requirements and problems for which solutions must 
be sought. The following strategic requirements reflect the security 
environment factors previously categorized and lead to a definition of 
effective basing needs: 
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