TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 



LIST OF TABLES iv 



LIST OF FIGURES v 



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 



1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 



1.1 Background 1 



1.2 Objectives 2 



1.3 Introduction to Capping 2 



1.4 Record of Capping in New England 4 



1.5 Monitoring of Capped Mounds 6 



2.0 NEW ENGLAND CAPPING OPERATIONS 8 



2.1 Central Long Island Sound Disposal Operations 9 



2.2 Stamford-New Haven 11 



2.2.1 STNH Disposal Operations 18 



2.2.2 STNH Operations: Conclusions 20 



2.3 Norwalk 20 



2.3.1 NOR Disposal Operations 22 



2.3.2 NOR Operations: Conclusions 23 



2.4 Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers 23 



2.4.1 MQR Disposal Operations 26 



2.4.2 MQR Operations: Conclusions 30 



2.5 Cap Sites 1 and 2 30 



2.5.1 CS-1 and CS-2 Disposal Operations 30 



2.5.2 Cap Site Operations: Conclusions 34 



2.6 Summary of the Early Capping Experience 34 



3.0 MONITORING STUDIES 35 



3.1 Physical Characteristics 35 



3.1.1 Methods 35 



3.1.2 A Case Study: STNH 36 



3.1.3 Long-Term Cap Stability: Consolidation vs. Erosion 42 



3.1.4 Physical Monitoring: Conclusions 44 



3.2 Biological Characteristics 45 



3.2.1 Early Monitoring Approaches 45 



3.2.2 Sediment Profile Imaging 48 



3.2.3 A Case Study: MQR and the FVP 49 



3.2.4 Bioaccumulation 54 



3.2.5 Biological Monitoring: Conclusions 56 



