developed by MED. The wind data were 1-rain averages of both wind speed and 

 direction reported hourly and corrected to a 33-ft elevation. The hourly wind 

 data were interpolated to 60-sec time-steps and applied without spatial vari- 

 ation to the entire study area. Two factors allowed this simplified treatment 

 of wind forcing. First, the small geographic area of the modeled area was 

 close to the source of the wind data. Second, the use of Boston tide gage 

 data for boundary conditions already included the effect of the wind over the 

 continental shelf, so the local winds were needed only to locally redistribute 

 the surge. For the 28 northeasters chosen for this study, the average maximum 

 hourly wind speed was 33 knots and varied from 25 knots to 48 knots. The wind 

 directions for these maximum winds varied from to 292 deg (all but three 

 were between and 90 deg) The average direction of the maximum hourly values 

 was 73 deg. Wind directions are referenced clockwise from Morth. 



Data Collection 



28. During the summer of 1984, NED supervised the placement and opera- 

 tion of five tide gages in the study area. Figure 7 shows the location of 

 these gages. Two of the gages, Simpson's Pier and Bay Marine Lobster, were 

 located outside the river system at Roughans Point and in Lynn Harbor, respec- 

 tively. The other three gages (Fox Hill Drawbridge, Broad Sound Tuna, and 

 Atlantic Lobster) are located in the Saugus-Pines River system. All of these 

 gages were in operation from June to October 1984. Mo other data collection 

 efforts were commissioned solely for numerical modeling. Bathymetric and ele- 

 vation data for Revere Beach and throughout most of the river system were ob- 

 tained from previous surveys conducted for beach and channel improvement proj- 

 ects and for highway projects. Excellent data were generally available for 

 the area east of the Salem Turnpike and for the area immediately adjacent to 

 the abandoned highway embankment. Bathymetric data for Lynn Harbor and Broad 

 Sound were obtained from NOS nautical charts. 



Model Calibration 



29. Since all five study area gages were not operational during any 

 storm and the two gages left in operation during the winter of 1985 did not 

 experience any significant storm induced high water, the model could not be 



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