calculation, made by the wave ray method, was at the 30-ft contour, after 
which the wave angle at the shoreline apparently was obtained by a straight 
line extension of the wave ray to the shoreline. Limitations of the procedure 
were recognized by the original author. Yearly averages of the longshore com- 
ponent of wave energy flux at the shoreline were calculated by use of the wave 
refraction results. Longshore sediment transport rates available from the 
study of Caldwell (1966) described below were correlated with the calculated 
energy fluxes. A positive correlation was found among widely scattered data. 
The trend in longshore sediment transport direction, to the north at Sandy 
Hook and to the south at Cape May, was qualitatively discussed based on dif- 
ferences in local wave energy distributions related to shadowing by Long 
Island. This result agrees with the generally held conceptual model of bifur- 
cation of the longshore current on the New Jersey coast (cf., e.g., Ashley, 
Halsey, and Buteux 1986) and can be considered a milestone in coastal pro- 
cesses modeling. 
27. Long-term Shoreline Change and Longshore Sediment Transport. The 
article of Caldwell (1966) has served as the basis for most subsequent sedi- 
ment transport work on the New Jersey coast and will be described in detail. 
The transport rates calculated through shoreline change mapping appear to be 
based in great part on work done in the 1954 CE report, supplemented by addi- 
tional data such as impoundment rates at the north jetty at Cold Springs Inlet 
at Cape May Harbor. Caldwell made a budget analysis using historic shoreline 
change data available from 1838 to 1953. These data are presented in chart 
form in the 1954 CE report and were digitized in the present study. Proper- 
ties and interpretation of these and more recent shoreline and beach profile 
data are given in Appendix D. There are minor discrepancies in dates of 
shoreline surveys in comparison of the CE 1954 report and Caldwell (1966). 
Three of the earlier surveys were taken over a period of several years, 
namely, 1836-1839, 1964-1874, and 1875-1899 according to topographic sheets 
included in CE 1954. CE 1954, Caldwell (1966), and the present report assign 
an average or representative year to these survey intervals which may slightly 
differ between sources. Also, Table 11 in the CE 1954 report gives a trans- 
port rate for the interval 1933-1951, but no survey for the year 1951 could be 
located in the present work. Caldwell (1966) used the year 1953, for which 
shoreline position data are available in CE 1954, as described in Appendix D. 
28. Caldwell (1966, p 154) inferred local average yearly longshore 
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