(Kraus 1981) and an article written in Japanese (Kraus, Harikai , and Kubota 

 1981). A comprehensive summary of the model is given in Kraus (1988a-d). 



4. Kraus (1983) : This paper describes a verification of calculated 

 breaking wave height, breaking wave angle, and resultant shoreline change 

 using quantities measured in a physical model experiment of shoreline change 

 produced by a detached breakwater. The numerical model well reproduced the 

 time rate of shoreline change observed in the physical model, i.e., rapid 

 change at the initial stage of wave action followed by slower change in 

 approach to an equilibrium planform shape. Details of the breaking wave 

 calculation are described in an article in Japanese (Kraus 1982) and a 

 technical note (Kraus 1984). 



5. Kraus. Hanson, and Harikai (1984) : This article extends the 

 material in the paper of Kraus and Harikai (1983) to include the addition of a 

 massive detached breakwater, resulting in a model containing three sources of 

 diffraction, and a jetty, a groin, and a seawall. Other topics addressed are 

 qualitative correlation of measured frequencies of breaking wave height 

 alongshore and direction of the longshore current to the observed long-term 

 shoreline change, methods to produce wave time series for prediction and 

 simple estimates of bounds of expected variability in the wave data, sen- 

 sitivity of model results on changes in wave data. 



6. Hanson and Kraus (1986a) : This is the third and concluding article 

 in the series (Kraus and Harikai 1983; Kraus, Hanson, and Harikai 1984) on 

 shoreline change modeling and model development using the Oarai Beach data 

 set. The article focuses on evaluation of shore-protection alternatives with 

 the shoreline change model. Sensitivity of shoreline change to wave varia- 

 bility is examined in detail. It is found that shoreline change controlled by 

 wave diffraction is relatively insensitive to the sequence of wave input and 

 offshore wave direction, as opposed to the case of shoreline change on an open 

 coast (Le Mehaute, Wang, and Lu 1983). Alternative shore-protection plans 

 evaluated included a detached breakwater, beach nourishment, a groin field, 

 and combinations of these basic solution elements. 



7. Hanson and Kraus (1986b) : This report documents a rigorous imple- 

 mentation of a seawall within the framework of shoreline modeling theory and 

 includes discussion of assumptions, numerical formulation, example calcula- 



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