Figure 8. Aerial photograpii of Pta. de la Garita, Cabo de la 

 Aguja, Columbia. A pocket beach has formed 

 between two resistant headlands. To the right of the 

 headlands, waves approach the coastline at a steep 

 angle, causing longshore currents which transport 

 sediments away from the headland. Photograph 

 taken from an altitude of 600 m; distance between 

 the headlands is about 0.5 km. (Photo by Andrew 

 Morang 1981) 25 



Figure 9. Outcrops of Pleistocene coquina rock of the 



Anastasia Formation on a beach in East Florida. 



Erosion of such rocks contributes sediment particles 



to the beach 26 



Figure 10. Conditions for erosion, transportation, and deposition 



of particles in water according to Hjulstrom 28 



Figure 11. Inlet through a barrier stabilized by jetties. Note the 

 large amount of sand trapped by the larger jetty and 

 recession of the shore across the inlet 34 



Figure 12. Beach protection structures, Cartagena, Columbia. 

 Although the city is built on the barrier beaches 

 which protected the original Spanish anchorage, the 

 present shoreline suffers from a lack of sand, and the 

 beaches are narrow or are entirely missing in some 

 areas (Photograph by Andrew Morang 1981) 34 



Figure 13. Beach backed by seawall near Galveston, TX. Note 



riprap added for further protection 35 



Figure 14 Surface and subsurface environments and 



variations of barrier islands, strand plain coasts, 



and tidal flats 37 



Figure 15. Three-dimensional morphodynamic classification of 



beaches and selected associated attributes 41 



Figure 16. Three models of shoreline response to sea 



level rise 43 



Figure 17. A variety of cliff morphologies in cross section. 



Plunging cliff is steeply sloping and possibly shows 



a notch. Cliff with shore platform may develop from 



increased notch development and mass movement of 



overlying material. Cliff base beach may develop 



from cliff with shore platform if sediment supply 



exceeds transport of materials 45 



