can be welded to the bottom of the pipe, making it more difficult to remove by 

 vandals. Unfortunately, it is also more difficult to install. 



It is important to mention that while much of the damage to monuments is 

 caused by vandalism, some of it results from a misunderstanding of what the 

 monument is actually for. If possible, every monument should be clearly marked 

 by a plate or sign briefly describing its function and the penalties resulting 

 from its disturbance. While this will not eliminate vandalism, it will reduce 

 the number of monuments lost. 



Other considerations, identified by Larrabee (1954) and Czerniak (1972b), 

 that contribute to the value of a monument include marking the monument with 

 its station along the base line and its date of placement, the provision of a 

 definite center or point, and the placement of a protective flag or pole where 

 there is danger of displacement. 



Because the base line should be some distance from the beach, it is often 

 convenient to establish a temporary control point to facilitate the surveying 

 of a profile line. When a temporary control point is used, it should be estab- 

 lished with sufficient accuracy to allow recovery of the point within 1 foot 

 of the original location and within ±0.05 foot of the original elevation 

 (Czerniak, 1972a), which is normally accurate enough. With the exception of 

 the accuracy of placement, a temporary control point should be established in 

 the same manner as a base-line monument. Since it can be easily reestablished 

 from the base line, its permanence is not critical and it can be made of wood 

 or pipe placed close to the beach. One technique to quickly determine if a 

 temporary or any other control point has been disturbed is to install two 

 points. By comparing the two, it can be easily determined if they have been 

 disturbed. Proper referencing of a temporary control point will reduce the 

 effort required to verify its correct location, as well as the time required 

 to reestablish it. 



2. Referencing . 



The ability to accurately reestablish a survey monument is very important, 

 because it ensures that the data will be comparable both throughout the study 

 and with data acquired years later. The inability to accurately relocate a 

 monument lost through man's activity or natural events can result in costly 

 survey data becoming worthless. Proper referencing of a monument can be 

 achieved quickly by tying the monument to nearby established cultural (manmade) 

 features. Whenever possible, the monuments, whether for the base line or pro- 

 file line, should also be tied into a national or State coordinate system. 

 These techniques will ensure the accurate relocation of a monument. 



In referencing, redundancy is important to ensure that a monument can be 

 relocated or, if necessary, that the entire base line be reestablished. Peri- 

 odically, each monument should be inspected and resurveyed, especially during 

 a long study, to determine if it has been disturbed. Regular inspection of the 

 monuments can provide some warning of the imminent loss of a monument, thus 

 allowing relocation and continued use of the profile lines affected. 



a. Referencing to Nearby Cultural Features . When referencing a monument, 

 no fewer than three reference points should be used so that some redundancy is 

 provided. These points should be within a tape length's distance of the 



