Motorized Graders . Motorized graders are designed to move material 

 short lateral distances by side casting process and not for hauling 

 material in the direction of travel. For removing a thin film (1/2 to 

 1 inch) of oily sand, this equipment, in combination with motorized 

 elevating scrapers is the most efficient [11,13]. In such operations, 

 the graders are used to cut and remove surface layers of beach materials 

 to form large windrows, which are picked up by the elevating scraper. 

 When oil penetration is deeper than one inch, graders should be used 

 only when other equipment is not available. Graders do not work well 

 when rocks are present or on relatively steep slopes. Rocks should be 

 first removed by front-end loaders or draglines. 



Motorized Elevating Scrapers. Motorized elevating scrapers are 

 utilized to pick up material from the surface and haul short distances 

 for dumping and spreading. They are more efficient than standard non- 

 elevating scrapers for picking up materials such as sand. These machines 

 are the most efficient for picking up windrows left by graders. Also, 

 for moderate oil penetration (1 to 9 inches) [11,12], elevating scrapers 

 working alone are quite effective. Sartor et al [13] found that adding 

 a baffle plate to each side of the bowl behind the elevator flights 

 will close the gaps and reduce substantially the spillage of materials. 



Wheeled Front-End Loaders. Front-End loaders are designed for 

 digging, loading and limited transport of material. They can be used 

 for removing windrows left by graders, but they are not so effective 

 as motorized elevating scrapers. They can also be used to remove mate- 

 rial when oil penetration is too deep (9 inches) for motorized elevating 

 scrapers [12]. Wheeled front-end loaders are relatively mobile for this 

 type of operation. When the beach is not sufficiently firm, track type 

 can be used. For such cases, however, bulldozers are more effective. 

 Front -end loaders can also be used for removing small rocks. 



Bulldozers. These machines are designed to push a large quantity 

 of material in the direction of the vehicles. Spillage known to occur 

 around the blade and their tracks will grind contaminated material into 

 the beach. For moving large amounts of material, however, such as the 

 case of deep oil penetration (9 inches) , and when the beach is not 

 sufficiently firm for wheeled front-end loaders, this machine is quite 

 effective [12,14]. 



Draglines. Draglines can be used to remove small rocks. Because 

 of the longer reach, however, they can also be used to remove material 

 near the waterline when the beach is so soft that even tracked vehicles 

 such as bulldozers may sink into the ground. 



The approximate average rates for some of these equipment have 

 been obtained based on test data from References 10 and 17 and are 

 presented in Table 3. 



14 



