On 3 March 1967, the tanker Ocean Eagle was grounded within the 

 harbor of San Juan, Puerto Rico [3]. She carried and discharged 83,400 

 barrels of Leona crude oil. As a result, 16 miles of recreational and 

 commercial beaches and the entire harbor were heavily contaminated. 

 Two hundred seventy men were deployed to remove contaminated sand from 

 beaches. Bulldozers and graders were used. Oily sand was trucked, away 

 and replaced with fresh material. Detergents were tried, but they turned 

 the beach into quick sand and their use was discontinued. Minstron talc 

 and Ekoperl-33 sorbent materials were used and found to be effective 

 for removing oil from the sand. Sorbent materials such as these, however, 

 increase the amount of handling necessary and caused malfunctioning 

 of pumps and other hydraulic machinery. 



On 28 January 1969, an offshore drilling platform near Santa 

 Barbara, California, had a blowout through a natural fault [4-6] . At 

 least 100,000 barrels of oil leaked out before the head was capped. 

 Forty miles of residential and recreational coastline were contaminated. 

 Straw was spread to soak up the oil deposited on the beaches. Up to 

 1,000 men and trucks were used to collect the contaminated materials 

 and transport them to an inland dump. Burning of oil-soaked straw on 

 the beaches was attempted but was discontinued due to smoke, odor and 

 heavy rain. Spraying of cold and hot water as well as steam cleaning 

 and sand blasting were attempted in cleaning rip rap areas. Sand blasting 

 was the only treatment found effective for cleaning rocks. 



On February 4, 1970, the tanker Arrow struck Cerebus Rock near 

 Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada [7-9]. She broke up, sank, and 

 released 65,000 barrels of bunker-C oil. Of the 150 miles of contaminated 

 shoreline, 30 miles were cleaned. Several types of mechanical equipment 

 were used in cleanup. Wheeled front-end loaders were used successfully 

 to cut under the spoiled sand and lift it out without disturbing the 

 clean subsurface. Road graders were unsuccessful for working on the 

 sloped gravel beaches. Bulldozers were unsuccessful because they spilled 

 contaminated material around the blade, and mixed the spoiled sand with 

 the clean areas that lay in their path. Tracked vehicles were unsuccessful 

 because they tended to mix the contaminated surface material deeper 

 into the beach. 



On January 18, 19 70, the Oregon Standard collided with the Arizona 

 Standard in San Francisco Bay [10-12]. The two tankers spilled 20,000 

 barrels of bunker-C and contaminated about 50 miles of shoreline, of 

 which about 10 miles of sand beaches were cleaned using road graders 

 and scrapers. It was found that road grader/motorized elevating scraper 

 combinations were the most efficient for removing contaminated sand 

 film when the oil penetration is limited to less than 1 inch. For oil 

 penetrations greater than 2 inches, the motorized elevating scraper oper- 

 ating singly is more efficient. These operational experiences verify 

 the findings of Reference 13. 



On 22 July 1972, the tanker Tomano struck a submerged ledge in 

 Ceao Bay, Maine and released 100,000 gallons of oil [14]. Several miles 

 of beaches on the mainland were lightly contaminated, and about 1 mile 



