Table 3 



Empirical Relationships for Detached Breakwater Design 



Inman and Frautschy (1966) 



Predicts accretion condition; based on beach response at Venice in Santa 

 Monica, CA 



Toyoshima (1972, 1974) 



Recommends design guidance based on prototype performance of 86 

 breakwater systems along the Japanese coast 



Noble (1978) 



Predicts coastal impact of structures in terms of offshore distance and 

 length; based on California prototype breakwaters 



Walker, Clark, and Pope (1980) 



Discusses method used to design the Lakeview Park, Lorain, OH 

 segmented system for salient formation; develops the Diffraction Energy 

 Method based on diffraction coefficient isolines for representative waves 

 from predominant directions 



Gourlay (1981) 



Predicts beach response; based on physical model and field observations 



Nir(1982) 



Predicts accretion condition; based on performance of 1 2 Israeli 

 breakwaters 



Rosen and Vadja (1982) 



Graphically presents relationships to predict equilibrium salient and 

 tombolo size; based on physical model/prototype data 



Hallermeier (1983) 



Develops relationships for depth limit of sediment transport and 

 prevention of tombolo formation; based on field/laboratory data 



Noda (1984) 



Evaluates physical parameters controlling development of 

 tombolos/salients; especially due to on-offshore transport; based on 

 laboratory experiments 



Shore Protection Manual (1984) 



Presents limits of tombolo formation from structure length and distance 

 offshore; based on the pattern of diffracting wave crests in the lee of a 

 breakwater 



Dally and Pope (1986) 



Recommends limits of structure-distance ratio based on type of shoreline 

 advance desired and length of beach to be protected 



Harris and Herbich (1986) 



Presents relationship for average quantity of sand deposited in lee and 

 gap areas; based on laboratory tests 



Japanese Ministry of 

 Construction (1986); also Rosati 

 and Truitt (1990) 



Develops step-by-step iterative procedure, providing specific guidelines 

 towards final design; tends to result in tombolo formation; based on 

 Japanese breakwaters 



Pope and Dean (1986) 



Presents bounds of beach response based on prototype performance; 

 response given as a function of segment langth-to-gap ratio and effective 

 distance offshore-to-depth at structure ratio; provides beach response 

 index classification 



Seiji, Uda, and Tanaka (1987) 



Predicts gap erosion; based on performance of 1,500 Japanese 

 breakwaters 



Sonu and Warwar (1987) 



Presents relationship for tombolo growth at the Santa Monica, CA 

 breakwater 



Suh and Dalrymple (1987) 



Gives relationship for salient length given structure length and surf zone 

 location; based on lab tests and prototype data 



Berenguer and Enriquez (1988) 



Presents various relationships for pocket beaches including gap erosion 

 and maximum stable surface area (i.e., beach fill); based on projects along 

 the Spanish coast 



Ahrens and Cox (1990) 



Uses Pope and Dean (1986) to develop a relationship for expected 

 morphological response as function of segment-to-gap ratio 



Chapter 2 Functional Design Guidance 



39 



