Figure 5. Detached breakwater project in Spain 



wetland areas (Landin, Webb, and Knutson 1989; Rogers 1989; Knutson, 

 Allen, and Webb 1990; EM 1110-2-5026). Recent wetland/breakwater 

 projects include Eastern Neck, Maryland (Figure 6) constructed by the U.S. 

 Fish and Wildlife Service with dredge material provided by the U.S. Army 

 Engineer District (USAED), Baltimore; and Aransas, Texas, presently under 

 construction and developed by the USAED, Galveston, and the U.S. Army 

 Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Coastal Engineering Research 

 Center (CERC). 



Detailed summaries of the design and performance of single and segmented 

 detached breakwater projects in the United States have been provided in a 

 number of references (Dally and Pope 1986, Pope and Dean 1986, Kraft and 

 Herbich 1989). Table 1 provides a summary of a number of detached break- 

 water projects. Most recently constructed breakwater projects have been 

 located on the Great Lakes or Chesapeake Bay (Figure 7) (Hardaway and 

 Gunn 1991a and 1991b, Mohr and Ippolito 1991, Bender 1992, Coleman 

 1992, Fulford and Usab 1992). A number of private breakwater projects have 

 been constructed, but are not shown in Table 1 . 



Existing Design Guidance 



Internationally and throughout the United States various schools of thought 

 have emerged on the design and construction of breakwaters (Pope 1989). 

 Japanese and U.S. projects tend to vary in style within each country, but often 

 use the segmented detached breakwater concept. In Denmark, Singapore, 



Chapter 1 Introduction 



