landward sinks are considered temporary in an eroding beach. As the beach 

 zone encroaches upon the washover deposits or redistributed washover 

 sediment, the material is released to the littoral system. (Author Summary) 



US Army Engineer Division, North Atlantic. 1963. "Report on Operation 

 Five-High, March 1962 Storm," New York, N.Y. 



This report offers one the most complete accounts of storm 

 characteristics and effects of the 6-8 March 1962 northeaster upon the US 

 Atlantic coast, from Virginia to New York. The storm lasted through five 

 consecutive spring high tides, causing record water levels, extensive beach 

 erosion, and damage to coastal structures. This report includes detailed 

 discussion of storm characteristics and damage, emergency operations, and 

 poststorm restoration projects. Extensive appendixes include excellent 

 ground and aerial photography along the beaches, beach restoration data, and 

 maps of overwash extent along Long Island, New York. (Knowles) 



Wilby, F. B., et al. 1939. "Inspection of Beaches in Path of the Hurricane 

 of September 21, 1938," Shore and Beach, Vol 7, pp 43-47. 



Ground and air inspection of some of the beaches from Jacob Riis Park, 

 Long Island to Chatham, Massachusetts, was conducted to record the effects of 

 the hurricane and determine whether higher and/or wider beaches provide storm 

 protection. Volume of sand fills (washovers) appeared to be greater than 

 beach erosion volume in several localities, possibly indicating transport 

 from underwater terraces (bars?) or offshore shoals, evidenced by cobbles 

 with fresh kelp stalks attached which were found above the normal high-water 

 line. Existing inlets were widened by the storm, and several new inlets were 

 formed. A major geographic effect of the storm on Fire Island, New York, as 

 viewed from the air, was widening of the island. Many washes (overwash 

 channels) and several temporary inlets appeared to have occurred at places 

 where dunes had been leveled for construction sites. Generally, the 

 hurricane had the effect of eroding the foreshore and increasing the width of 

 beaches by deposition of large, wide fills (washovers) landward of former 

 berms. Dunes of sufficient height, stabilized by vegetation, provided some 

 protection to landward areas. Wider beaches may have provided increased 

 storm protection in other areas. (Knowles) 



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