Huntley, D. A., and Bowen, A. J. 1975. "Field Observations of 

 Edge Waves and Their Effect on Beach Material," Journal of the 

 Geological Society, London, Vol 131, PP 69-81. 



Direct measurements of the nearshore velocity field provided the first 

 field evidence of short-period edge waves. These edge waves were observed at 

 the first subharmonic (a/2) of the incident wave frequency o . These were 

 verified to be subharmonic edge waves by matching the offshore decay of energy 

 with the predicted decay for a mode zero edge wave and the zero phase shift 

 between the onshore and longshore velocities. The dispersion relationship for 

 an exponential beach was used for the determination of velocity decay offshore 

 and the phase relationships. It was suggested that edge waves were formed by 

 interactions of incident waves on the shore with the backwash. Observations 

 of backwash and upwash interaction with incident breaking waves would result 

 in a sequence of high breakers which had a repeat cycle at the first harmonic 

 of the incident waves (cf. Mase 1988). 



Isaacs, J. D., Williams, E. A., and Eckart, C. 1951. "Total 

 Reflection of Surface Waves by Deep Water," Transactions, American 

 Geophysical Union, Vol 32, No. 1, pp 37-40. 



The authors were the first to describe a mechanism by which edge waves 

 are produced and trapped to the shoreline. For surface gravity waves gener- 

 ated in shallow water and propagating offshore, it was shown that they can be 

 refracted so that they are totally reflected from deep water. Standing waves 

 are produced at resonant frequencies, alternately reflecting from the beach 

 and from deep water. This article is easy to read, recognizes important fea- 

 tures in the production of edge waves, and would be excellent for the reader 

 unfamiliar with edge waves. 



Mase, H. 1988. "Spectral Characteristics of Random Wave Runup," 

 Coastal Engineering, Vol 12, No. 2, pp 175-189. 



Run-up measurements were made on uniform beach slopes ranging between 

 1/5 and 1/30 using a wave flume. Run-up spectra exhibited the phenomena of 

 energy saturation in the incident frequencies, implying that the run-up energy 

 at the incident wave frequencies is independent of the incident wave energy. 



In this saturation region, the spectra have a f dependence and a tan e 

 dependence (f is frequency, tan e is beach slope). At low frequencies the 

 energy was not saturated and low-frequency run-up energy increased with inci- 

 dent wave energy. In addition to the experimental study, numerical simulation 

 of run-up time series found low-frequency run-up components and high-frequency 

 saturation that agreed with the experimental results. The simulated time his- 

 tory of run-up variations was made by superposition of parabolas. The author 

 considered that up-rush and down-rush of bores on the beach have a leading 

 edge with a parabolic shape. Thus, it was shown that the interaction of the 

 up-rush and down-rush bores are one cause of low-frequency run-up components. 



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