i* -J& 



(a) Five turns (b) Ten turns (c) Fifteen 



turns 



(d) Twenty 

 turns 



(e) Twenty-two 

 turns 



Figure 16. Stages of kink formation on 1x48 cable during 

 negative torquing. 



(a) One and one half 

 turns 



(b) Two and one half 

 turns 



(c) Three turns 



(d) Four turns 



(e) Closeup of link 



Figure 17. Various stages of kink formation on 1x48 

 double -armored cable during positive torquing. 



33 



