TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Preface - xv 



Chapter 



1 INTRODUCTION 1 



2 INCIPIENT STABILITY OF BREAKWATER ARMOR UNITS 6 



2.1 Armor Stability Equations 6 



2.2 Armor Incipient Motion Studies 10 



2.3 Experimental Setup 12 



2.4 Incipient Motion Observations 17 



2.5 Experimental Measurements 18 



2.6 Incipient Motion Prediction 22 



2.7 Conclusions from Incipient Motion Study 32 



3 HISTORICAL DAMAGE MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION . . 33 



3.1 Damage Modeling Standards 33 



3.2 Damage Measurement Methods 34 



3.2.1 Eroded volume method 34 



3.2.2 Stone count method 40 



3.2.3 Recent damage measurement methods 40 



3.3 Damage Measurement Experiments 41 



3.4 Damage Progression Prediction 44 



3.5 Variability in Stability Results 50 



4 DETERIORATION EXPERIMENT 53 



4. 1 Overview 53 



4.2 Experimental Setup 54 



