measurement: determining the eroded armor volume through profiling. A subset of the 

 profiling method of characterizing damage, noted by Van der Meer (1988) for dynamic 

 stability, is through description of the profile geometry. Torum et al. (1979) and Davies 

 et al. (1994) described measurement of the minimum depth of cover, d^ shown in Figure 

 3.1, which is a reduction of the profile shape to a single parameter. 



Figure 3.1. Sketch of breakwater profile with definition of eroded area and depth of 

 cover 



3.2 Damage Measurement Methods 

 3.2.1 Eroded volume method 



The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station's (WES') 

 historical method for characterizing damage utilized profiles to determine the 

 percentage volume of stones eroded relative to the total volume of stones in the active 

 armor layer. Hudson (1959) used this volume method. But the method apparently is 



34 



