distribution. The approximate ranges of the data points in these figures may be chosen 



as 



-2.7<S'<3 ; -2.1<E'<2.1 ; -2.7 < C*< 2.8 



(5.10) 



which are in the range from -3 to 3. The corresponding ranges of 5, E, and C can be 

 found using Equations 5.6 and 5.10. This approximate procedure allows one to estimate 

 the lower and upper limits of S, E, and C in terms of their means and standard 

 deviations, which vary with damage progression. 









0.8 - 



0.6 - 

 h 



0.4 - 

 0.2 - 





































• 

























• 



• • 























*•• 



;«• 



• 



• • 

















• 



• ?• 







• • 



• 

 • 















•t*«I 





^ii 



5>; 



• 



.ft*, 



^" 



• 













-*'.1 



if^ 



'M 



^-^ 



^r^ 



















'Js: 



ri 



o , 



^J 



r^ 



5i- 



a*. 



»*. 







.»i 



^ 



^. 



A*« 



°:H 



^♦V 



:-.^ 



1^ 



"^tB 



tw«u 









-^v » 



1 

 ▼ 









▼ 



tOq 



?»W^ 



5»_**i 



O T 





J -2 -1 1 2 



S* 



r 







• Series A' ° Series B* » Series C" Normal 













Figure 5.2. Probability density function for normalized damage S* for Series A', B', and 

 C 



88 



