Table 5. Measured Internal Friction Angles 

 for Calcareous and Ottawa Sands 



Soil Type 



Dry Unit 



Weight 



(pcf) 



Void 

 Ratio 



Range of 

 Confining 



Stress 

 (kg/cm 2 ) 



Range of 



Friction 



Angle 



(deg) 



Loose Calcareous Sand 



74.0 



1.36 



0.5 to 4 



43 to 46 



Dense Calcareous Sand 



80.0 



1.18 



1 to 4 



45 to 49 



Loose, Crushed Calcareous 



— 



1.32 



0.6 to 4 



42 to 46 



Sand 











Dense, Crushed Calcareous 



— 



1.12 



1.2 to 4 



45 to 48 



Sand 











Loose Calcareous Sand 



— 



1.44 



0.5 to 4 



43 to 44 



Medium Dense Calcareous 



— 



1.30 



1 to 3 



43 to 45 



Sand 











Dense Calcareous Sand 



— 



1.19 



1 to 4 



43 to 47 



Medium Dense, Crushed 



— 



1.30 



1 to 4 



44.5 



Calcareous Sand 











Dense Crushed Calcareous 



— 



1.06 



1 to 4 



46 to 49 



Sand 











Loose Ottawa Sand 



85.5 



0.905 



0.5 to 4 



35 



Dense Ottawa Sand 



94.1 



0.73 



1 to 4 



40 



Table 6. 



Soil-Steel Friction Angles for 

 Ottawa, and Calcareous Sands 







Void 

 Ratio 



Soil-Steel 



Sand 



Soil Condition 



Friction Angle 

 (deg) 



Ottawa 



Loose 



0.905 



21 





Dense 



0.73 



20 



Guam 



Loose 



1.36 



18 





Dense 



1.18 



18 





Loose crushed 



1.32 



21 





Dense crushed 



1.12 



22 



Florida 



Loose 



1.44 



20 





Dense 



1.19 



20 





Loose crushed 



1.30 



23 





Dense crushed 



1.06 



23 



37 



