mean sea level (MSL) , and was placed approximately 370 m from the original 

 mean high water line. The mean tide range in the region is 1.1 m. By 1910, 

 the high water line salient behind the structure had advanced nearly 110 m, 

 and by 1940 it had reached a position 170 m seaward of the preconstruction 

 line. The pier was removed sometime between 1943 and 1948. There was a natu- 

 ral influx of sediment to the region during the 1940's, causing the neighbor- 

 ing shoreline to advance until the structure was only 210 m offshore. Subse- 

 quently, a tombolo developed behind the breakwater. A period of general 

 shoreline erosion soon returned, and by 1963 the tombolo had eroded to form a 

 salient positioned 120 m landward of the breakwater. Sometime shortly there- 

 after a low-crested timber groin was installed immediately behind the center 

 of the breakwater which connected the breakwater to the shore and resulted in 

 a "T" shaped structure. By April 1968, sand had accumulated and formed a 

 nearly symmetric tombolo that completely buried the timber groin. Later in 

 1968, severe storms nearly removed the tombolo, exposing the groin. The beach 

 has since recovered, with the present tombolo supported by the presence of the 

 slightly exposed groin. The structure is relatively intact with very little 

 wave transmission through or over the groin except during severe storms 

 (Figure 6) . 

 Santa Barbara, California 



17. In early 1929 the original construction of the Santa Barbara 

 rubble-mound breakwater (Figure 7) was completed, forming a protected harbor. 

 The main portion of the structure is 430 m long, located 300 m offshore, and 

 oriented at a slight angle to the shoreline. The water depth at the structure 

 is approximately 7.6m below mean lower low water (MLLW) and the structure 

 crest is at +3.7 m MLLW. A shorter 120-m-long segment extended from the west- 

 ern end of the main portion toward the shore, leaving a 180-m gap with the 

 shoreline. The structure is impermeable and infrequently overtopped. Even 

 before initial construction was completed, the shoreline developed a bulge 

 landward of the breakwater near its western end. By late 1929 this salient 

 was very large and appeared to be well on its way to connecting to the struc- 

 ture (Figure 7c). However, the short breakwater segment was extended in 1930 

 to connect to the shore, and the harbor was dredged, precluding the develop- 

 ment of a tombolo. 



16 



