Between Groins 44 and 45, 519,500 cii yd of sand was placed as part of the initial 

 beach fill. By October 1995, the area between Groins 44 and 45 (the hot spot) 

 was severely eroded, and an emergency beach fill amounting to 290.200 cii yd of 

 sand was placed. With the initiation of Contract 2 (placing beach fill to the south 

 of Monmouth Beach) in June 1997, the erosion "hot spot" was again filled, 

 requiring a volume of 564,600 cu yd of fill'. Including initial placement, the 

 Monmouth Beach area between Groins 44 and 45 has been nourished three times 

 for a total supplementary added amount of 1,374,000 cu yd. The subject area of 

 beach and the locations of the two groins in relation to the New York District 

 profile stationing is shown in Figure 2. Because the average renourishment 

 interval for the project is 6 years, the Monmouth Beach area is experiencing fill 

 loss at an unacceptably high rate. 



Figure 2. Locations of beach-profile surveys within hot spot (September 1996 photograph) 



Among several possible causes considered, Smith, Gravens. and Smith (in 

 preparation) concluded that the anomalously high loss rate along this 2,600-ft- 

 long erosion hot spot is a consequence of its protrusion seaward with respect to 

 the adjacent beaches. Thus, both (a) inefficiency of an originally short fill (high 

 end-losses) and (b) partial isolation from adjacent beaches, especially the beach 

 to the north (which prevents arrival of sand to the hot spot), create a situation 

 where loss of material will be accelerated. The first reason (short fill) will be 

 eliminated after fill material is placed to the south in continuation of the shore- 

 protection project. Partial isolation of the area because of protrusion from the 

 adjacent beaches will remain as a cause of a higher-than-average erosion rate. 



To address the above issue of hot-spot erosion, in March 1998, the New York 

 District authorized the present study by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

 Experiment Station (WES), Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL). The 

 objective of the study was to develop a functional shore-protection design for 

 Monmouth Beach that would eliminate the need for intermediate remedial 

 actions and bring the replenishment cycle to that of the full project (6 years). 



' Personal Communication. 4 August 1998. Mr. Kenneth Malley. Construction Division. 

 U.S. Army Engineer District. New York. 



Chapter 1 Introduction 



