SEA SURFACE 



H f - TOWFISH HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM 

 R s - SLANT RANGE TO TARGET 

 R h - HORIZONTAL RANGE 



Kh=M^ 



Figure 5. Calculation of slant range 

 (after Klein 1985) 



SEA SURFACE 



TARGET 



H t - TARGET HEIGHT 

 L s - ACOUSTIC SHADOW LENGTH 

 Hf - TOWFISH HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM 

 R s - SLANT RANGE TO TARGET 

 R s + U - SLANT RANGE TO END OF SHADOW 



H t = 



HfxL s 

 Rc+ L, 



Figure 6. Calculation of target height 

 (after Klein 1985) 



12 



